Rural Depopulation in China: A Comparative Perspective

Modernization of Chinese society witnessed significant retreat of primary and growth of secondary and tertiary industries. The result of rapid urbanization has been accompanied with rapid rural depopulation, context of which is currently labeled by intertwining of many correlation factors. Rural depopulation can be perceived as a social problem and as a reason or other social problems, affecting sustainable socio-economic development. In turn, rural depopulation and relevant policy-making are also interplaying, making the issue more irreversible

PHENOMENAL EXPLORATION INTO IMPACT OF ANONYMITY ON LAW AND ORDER IN CYBERSPACE

While information systems provide modern society with great convenience, it also poses new problems in maintaining social order. One of its negative influences is the anonymity of cyberspace, which makes identity tracing a noteworthy predicament which poses obstacles in detection and investigations. It has been found that cyber anonymity has critical impacts on criminal motivation, and the phenomena of victimization, and should be tackled on different layers including technology and law enforcement. The article explores how the anonymity symbolizes the cyberspace, what threats are posed by cyber anonymity against social order, what potentialities the anonymity has, how the trans-territorial anonymity was facilitated, and the real impact of anonymity on law and order in the information society

Roles of information systems in socio-legal context

Contemporary conception of information has been studied for decades. Starting from legal viewpoint, purpose of this article is to provide methodological understanding of the conception and classification of information in the domain of law, and the challenge it poses to the traditional legal system. In this article, information is classified into five categories according to the value it has and by whom it is held: information with positive value, value-neutral information, valueless information, information with negative value, and information with disputable value in different communities. The article analyzes the legal gaps accompanied by the proliferation of information systems, i.e., the lag of a legal notion, the legislative gap, and the jurisdictional gap. There has not been adequate preparedness to respond to cybercrime. The process of recognition and acceptance requires much time. The imperative requirement is for people to be well informed about the loopholes the legal system has and how they can be altered

PHENOMENAL EXPLORATION INTO IMPACT OF ANONYMITY ON LAW AND ORDER IN CYBERSPACE

While information systems provide modern society with great convenience, it also poses new problems in maintaining social order. One of its negative influences is the anonymity of cyberspace, which makes identity tracing a noteworthy predicament which poses obstacles in detection and investigations. It has been found that cyber anonymity has critical impacts on criminal motivation, and the phenomena of victimization, and should be tackled on different layers including technology and law enforcement. The article explores how the anonymity symbolizes the cyberspace, what threats are posed by cyber anonymity against social order, what potentialities the anonymity has, how the trans-territorial anonymity was facilitated, and the real impact of anonymity on law and order in the information society

A Review of Motivations of Illegal Cyber Activities

Illegal cyber activities have been developing in past three decades with the mounting number of users of the computer and mobile networks. Potential perpetrators obtained more opportunities to instigate cyber attacks at different targets, at different scales, and from different motives. The existence of motivated attackers is one of an underlying trinity (together with the potential victims and weak guardianship) that leads to illegal activities (Cohen and Felson, 1979). In order to deal with illegal cyber activities, it is indispensable to have a better understanding of motivations of those potential attackers. The purpose of this article is to explore into motivation behind sophisticated illegal cyber activities, with an emphasis on reviewing findings in law enforcement as well as previous scholarly research. It was found that the motives of illegal cyber activities might diverge significantly from one another, but they might also have enormous similarity in that they were frequently directed to grey areas of social lives

Gift-Giving in Society, Marriage and Its Nature in Law Enforcement in China

Gift-giving is a prevalent human activity existing in different temporal and different spatial dimensions. Main issues discussed in this article are about gift exchange in socio-legal context, particularly in pertinent to marriage and divorce, as well as law enforcement against offence of bribery in China. The research identifies different modes of gift giving, including gift exchange and unilateral gift-giving. The research further explores into giftgiving by parents before marriage and during family life of their children, with special regard to real estate as a gift. The research also discusses gift as distinguished from and as identified as offence of bribery under Chinese law.La donación es una actividad humana predominante que existe en diferentes dimensiones espaciales temporales y diferentes. Los principales temas discutidos en este artículo son los siguientes: el intercambio de obsequios en el contexto socio-legal, particularmente en lo referente al matrimonio y el divorcio, así como la aplicación de la ley contra el delito de soborno en China. La investigación identifica diferentes modos de donación, incluyendo el intercambio de regalos y donaciones unilaterales. La investigación explora más a fondo la donación de los padres antes del matrimonio y durante la vida familiar de sus hijos, con especial atención a los bienes raíces como un regalo. La investigación también discute el regalo como distinto de y como identificado con el delito de soborno bajo la ley china

Some Ideas in Traditional Chinese Culture Related to Human Rights Conception: With Special Regard to the Works of Mencius

El concepto completo de los derechos humanos en sentido contemporáneo es una novedad en relación con la historia de la Humanidad. Antes de los tiempos modernos, tanto la cultura china como la cultura occidental carecían de la concepción de los derechos humanos. Sin embargo, esto es contradictorio con el desarrollo de diferentes planteamientos sobre los derechos humanos en las diferentes culturas. Después de tres siglos de desarrollo, los derechos humanos se han convertido en la norma común y la propiedad de la totalidad de los seres humanos. Desde una perspectiva contemporánea, podemos analizar las ideas anteriores sobre los derechos humanos. Este artículo resume algunas de las ideas de los derechos humanos que fueron expresadas en las obras de Mencio. Y muestra cómo el confucianismo incluyó algunas ideas de la concepción moderna de los derechos humanos. La tradición confuciana, en cierto sentido, también permite la fundamentación de la concepción occidental de los derechos humanos. Al mismo tiempo, la concepción tradicional china de derechos humanos también se ha reflejado y ha influido en la práctica contemporánea china.The complete concept of human rights in contemporary sense is a new thing compared with human history. Before the modern times, both Chinese culture and Western culture lacked the conception of human rights. However, this does not negate the fact that there have been various ideas on human rights in different cultures. After three centuries of development, human rights ideas have become the common norm and property of the whole human beings. From today’s standpoint, we can have a bird’s-eye view on previous ideas on human rights. This article summarised some of the human rights ideas that were expressed in Mencius’ works. It has been proved that Confucianism included some ideas of the modern conception of human rights. The Confucian tradition also justified the Western conception of human rights from a certain aspect. At the same time, traditional Chinese conception of human rights has also reflected in and influenced on contemporary Chinese practice

Combined experimental-theoretical study of the OH + CO → H + CO2 reaction dynamics

A combined experimental−theoretical study is performed to advance our understanding of the dynamics of the prototypical tetra-atom, complex-forming reaction OH + CO → H + CO 2, which is also of great practical relevance in combustion, Earth’s atmosphere, and, potentially, Mars’s atmosphere and interstellar chemistry. New crossed molecular beam experiments with mass spectrometric detection are analyzed together with the results from previous experiments and compared with quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations on a new, fulldimensional potential energy surface (PES). Comparisons between experiment and theory are carried out both in the center-of-mass and laboratory frames. Good agreement is found between experiment and theory, both for product angular and translational energy distributions, leading to the conclusion that the new PES is the most accurate at present in elucidating the dynamics of this fundamental reaction. Yet, small deviations between experiment and theory remain and are presumably attributable to the QCT treatment of the scattering dynamics

Surgical technique for lung retransplantation in the mouse

Microsurgical cuff techniques for orthotopic vascularized murine lung transplantation have allowed for the design of studies that examine mechanisms contributing to the high failure rate of pulmonary grafts. Here, we provide a detailed technical description of orthotopic lung retransplantation in mice, which we have thus far performed in 144 animals. The total time of the retransplantation procedure is approximately 55 minutes, 20 minutes for donor harvest and 35 minutes for the implantation, with a success rate exceeding 95%. The mouse lung retransplantation model represents a novel and powerful tool to examine how cells that reside in or infiltrate pulmonary grafts shape immune responses